Monkeypox side effect of covid vaccine9/28/2023 When 2022 rolled around, Omicron, which spreads easier from person-to-person, replaced Delta as the most dominant variant. In 2021, the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant dominated the pandemic landscape. This has been apparent throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, random mutations develop that can, if beneficial for viral fitness, quickly become widespread. However, while this may slow the acquisition of mutations in SARS-CoV-2, it does not stop them altogether. Unlike other RNA viruses, coronaviruses do have an enzyme (i.e., an exoribonuclease) with some proofreading ability. RNA polymerase, which copies the viral genome, lacks the ability to catch and fix replication errors. ![]() RNA viruses, like SARS-CoV-2, can be sloppy replicators. The differences in the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 and MPV have important evolutionary ramifications. However, rather than a single protein, poxviruses use 11 to 12 transmembrane proteins to fuse with host cells, likely binding glycosaminoglycans or laminin on the cell surface. Like SARS-CoV-2, MPV has surface proteins that facilitate its entry into host cells. Its double-stranded DNA genome is encapsulated in a core containing enzymes needed for replication and evasion of host immune defenses. MPV is a member of the Poxviridiae family-the virus is enveloped, brick shaped and large ( 220-450 nm long). S proteins bind to host cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a protein ubiquitously expressed by organs throughout the human body, to initiate infection. ![]() It is small ( ~100 nm in diameter), spherical and decorated with a porcupine-like sheath of spike (S) proteins. ![]() SARS-CoV-2, like all coronaviruses, is an enveloped single-stranded RNA virus. Structurally speaking, SARS-CoV-2 (the cause of COVID-19) and mpox virus (MPV) are very different. Source: American Society for Microbiology SARS-CoV-2 and Mpox Virus: Structure and Evolution Structure and Genome
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